Incoterms EXW - Ex Works - explained

The 11 Incoterms® rules are a set of rules maintained by the International Chamber of Commerce. They specify who is responsible for what during international trade – whether the buyer or seller is liable for the costs and risks of each part of the process.

One of the 11 rules is EXW. This guide will explain what it means, and when you should use it.

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EXW Incoterms® meaning

EXW is short for “Ex Works”, and it’s the Incoterms® rule that places most responsibility on the buyer.

The seller has to make the goods available at the place of delivery. That place is commonly the seller’s own warehouse or factory – i.e. the “works” of the title.

The buyer is then responsible for the whole process of getting the goods to their destination, including:

• Loading and unloading
• Transportation including the main carriage by sea, air, land, etc.
• Export and import formalities
• Insurance.

That encompasses both costs and risks – they’re all the buyer’s responsibility. Even if the seller does load the goods at the place of delivery, the risk is still with the buyer at this point.

Does the seller have any responsibilities, then? Once the goods have been collected, not really, no. But before that, they will need to ensure they’re properly packaged and readily available for collection.

Realistically, the seller will need to be somewhat involved in the process. They’ll need to ensure that the buyer is adequately informed about the goods, so that they can handle customs clearance and other formalities.¹ ² ³

EXW Incoterms® 2010 and 2020

The ICC updates the Incoterms® rules every decade or so. The most recent updates were in 2020 and 2010.

When drawing up a contract, you can agree to use whichever set of Incoterms® rules you like, so long as it’s specified. So if neither party has had time to read up on the 2020 rules, it’s perfectly legitimate to stick with 2010.

There weren’t any major updates to the EXW rule in 2020.

You might see references to Incoterms® rules 2015, 2016, 2017, and so on. You shouldn’t! There weren’t any sets of rules published in those years. Most likely, any agreements drawn up then would have used the 2010 rules.⁴ ⁵

What is the difference between FCA and EXW?

There’s sometimes confusion between EXW and FCA, which stands for “Free Carrier.”

The key difference is that under FCA, the seller is also responsible for handling export clearance. That’s often an advantage, as the seller is usually in a better position than the buyer to provide all the necessary information at that stage.

And there’s another difference. Under FCA, the named place can be the seller’s premises, like with EXW – but if so, loading is the seller’s responsibility, not the buyer’s.

The alternative use of FCA is specifying the named place as a later point in the journey – like the terminal from which the goods will travel on. In that situation, the seller is responsible for unloading the goods there, and the buyer is responsible for loading.⁶ ⁷

What is the difference between FOB and EXW?

FOB – “Free On Board” – is one of the four Incoterms® rules that can only be used for goods traveling by sea or waterway.

It’s similar to FCA, although with FOB the seller has responsibility up to and including getting the goods loaded onto the vessel.

FOB and EXW are considerably different, then. With EXW, the seller hands over responsibility at their own premises, whereas with FOB they have to get the goods all the way onto the vessel at a port.⁸ ⁹

Conclusion: EXW Incoterms® 2020

On paper, EXW might look like the simplest Incoterms® rule of all, because the seller is responsible for pretty much everything.

But of course there’s a reason why so many of the other rules take great care to specify whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for each step.

For instance, it’s usually the seller – not the buyer – who is best placed to handle export clearances. The same is often true for arranging transportation in the seller’s own country.

When that’s the case, it’s often worth considering FCA instead of EXW. It might look more complicated, but in practice it could prove easier.

It’s worth taking a look at the full list of Incoterms® rules, so you have the complete picture.

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Sources:

1. Incoterms Explained - Ex Works
2. AIT Worldwide - Incoterms EXW - Ex Works
3. Freightos - EXW incoterms: Ex Works Shipping
4. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - Incoterms 2020
5. ICC - What are the key changes in Incoterms® 2020?
6. Freightos - FCA Incoterms | FCA shipping
7. AIT Worldwide - Incoterms FCA - Free Carrier
8. AIT Worldwide - Incoterms FOB - Free on Board
9. Incoterms Explained - Free On Board (FOB)

All sources last checked 23 June 2020